The Beveridge Report of 1942: Aims and Impact

The Beveridge Report of 1942: Aims and Impact (The Making of the Welfare State, 1942 1951) Examine the extent to which the AIMS of the Beveridge Report of 1942 had been achieved by 1951. From the Cradle to the Grave In 1941 the wartime coalition government ordered Sir William Beveridge[1] to write a report suggesting policies that could be implemented to assist people on low incomes in the United Kingdom. In December 1942 Beveridge published his findings in his Report to Parliament on Social Insurance and Allied Services.[2] The Report proposed that people in employment should pay a proportion of their pay into a fund which would then be distributed in the form of benefits paid to people who were unemployed, sick, widowed or retired. Essentially, Beveridge argued for a comprehensive system of social insurance from cradle to grave. Beveridge reasoned that this system would establish a minimum standard of living ‘below which no one should be allowed to fall’. His proposals proved immensely popular among the British public and his suggested reforms were introduced by the Labour Government that was elected by a landslide vote (after adopting the objectives of the Beveridge Report in its manifesto)[3] at the end of World War II in 1945. The period under discussion in this paper extends from publication of the Beveridge Report to the end of the post-war Labour Government, which was led by Clement Attlee. The principle aims of the Beveridge Report were addressed to counter the five so-called ‘giants’ of illness, ignorance, disease, squalor, and want. The Report considered the broad question of social insurance, contending that social ‘want’ could be met by a state organised system of social security for the benefit of individual citizens. Beveridge proposed the establishment of family allowances, a national health service, a scheme for national insurance and assistance, and lobbied for policies to secure full-employment. The Achievements of the Beveridge Report Attlee’s Government introduced three acts of key significance and others that proved instrumental in pursuing the aims of the Beveridge Report. The 1946 National Insurance Act, implemented the Beveridge scheme for social security creating a comprehensive system of unemployment, sickness, maternity and pension benefits funded by employers, employees and the government. It is submitted that the Act represents a significant reforming achievement on any given set of criteria. By June 1948, prominent Labour Minister of Health Aneurin Bevan had steered the National Health Service Act through Parliament and into force. This legislation provided the British public with free diagnosis and treatment of illness and disease, in hospital and at home, and also made comprehensive dental and ophthalmic services available. Again, it is argued that this Act constitutes an important achievement for the Beveridge agenda, indeed, with the benefit of hindsight and from the full perspective of 2005, it is hard to overstate its significance. The 1948 National Assistance Act was the third of the key Acts inspired by Beveridge. The Act abolished the Poor Law and made provision for welfare services, enacting a raft of measures designed to relieve poverty in the United Kingdom. All three of the above Acts entered into force on the same day, 7th June 1948. The 1948 Children Act was another important reform inspired by Beveridge. This Act established a childrens committee and a childrens officer in each local authority adding, it is submitted, an important perspective to the Beveridge agenda. Full employment also became government policy as a consequence of Beveridge. This goal has never been sustained for any long period, but it is submitted that it is unfair to judge Beveridge by the success or failure of this aspiration, given that so many socio-economic factors impact on the level of employment. Together, the achievements of Beveridge created a welfare state for the United Kingdom: a system of social security guaranteeing a minimum level of income, health and social services for all. Returning to office in 1951 under Churchill, the Conservative Party pursued an agenda of pragmatic social modernity and accepted almost all of the social reforms, including all the key reforms, instituted by the former Labour government. This demonstrates that not only had the Beveridge Report achieved its primary objectives, but also that it had engineered a shift in the political norms and received social wisdom of the country. Concluding Comments Although securing almost one and a half million more votes than the Conservatives, Clement Attlee’s Labour Party, as stated above, narrowly lost the 1951 General Election. However, it is argued that the post war period of Government was by most measures a great success. Vigorous reform based largely around the model established by Beveridge was achieved. The goal of full employment has and will probably remain an elusive one for the foreseeable future, but great strides were taken during the period under review and the social superstructure of the United Kingdom changed out of all recognition and for, it is submitted, the better. It is a testament to the influence and success of the Beveridge Report that some forty years after its publication, Margaret Thatchers Conservative government in terms of its political stance poles apart from Beveridge and Attlee which as a consequence opposed many of the principles behind Beveridges work, recognised his report as by any measure a landmark in a white paper on social security reform[4]. In summary it is submitted that the British welfare state of 2005 is recognisably the progeny of Beveridge. This grand social system retains all the basic characteristics of the system created by the Labour Government between 1945 and 1951.[5] Thus it can be claimed that the Beveridge Report achieved many of its aims, and, moreover, that those achievements have stood the test of time and proved both durable and effective. Beveridge deserves a place of prominence in the political pantheon of the twentieth century. In terms of his lasting influence on modern Britain, it is arguable that he surpasses even his far more famous political contemporary Churchill. The following quote strikes an appropriate closing note. â€Å"The welfare state, arguably the greatest achievement of European civilisation in this century.† Marquand, 1997. p127[6] BIBLIOGRAPHY Report to the Parliament on Social Insurance and Allied Services (Cmd. 6404) London: HMSO, 1942 ISBN: 0108502767 George V. and Wilding P. (1999) British Society and Social Welfare, London, Macmillan. Marquand D. (1997) The New Reckoning, Cambridge. Polity. The National Archives: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ 1 Footnotes [1] (1879-1963). [2] (Cmd. 6404) London: HMSO, 1942 ISBN: 0108502767. [3] It should be noted that the Conservative Party also supported much of the Beveridge Report. [4] See for comment: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/brave_new_world/welfare.htm [5] George V. and Wilding P. (1999) British Society and Social Welfare, London, Macmillan. [6] Marquand D. (1997) The New Reckoning, Cambridge. Polity.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biotechnology Biology Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biotechnology Biology Essay The objective purpose of this assignment is the, familiarization of the connection between the biotechnology and agriculture; bringing on the contribution of the biotechnology science to agriculture. On the way to assess the specific contribution, citations of positives and negative effects are allocated as well as thoughts and worriers regarding the future of the association between biotechnology and agriculture. Ever since agriculture was developed, before 10 000 years (Sample et al .,2007), humans were attempting to invent new crops as well as and new techniques in order to make the production much more easy. Over the effort of the humanity to produce the best quality products as possible and in more quantities, new technologies and techniques were introduced allowing agriculture for further development. Standing on this piece of evidence it is a fact that most of the technological innovations where integrated to the agricultural science over the last 200 years.(Krimsky et al.,1996). On this improvements of the agricultural science it is appropriate to include the fertilizers, the plant breeding , the mechanization of the procedure as well as the management of the plant enemies using plant protection products (e.g herbicides, pesticides, fungicides).(Krimsky et al., 1996) However the discovery of recombinant DNA back in the early seventies opened a new era in modern agriculture introducing biotechnology into the field ,allowing the scientists to develop novel ideas of innovations in food production.(). As biotechnology is defined according to  the Convention on Biological Diversity, any technological application  uses biological systems, living organisms or their derivatives  create or modify products for specific use  »(Convention on  Biological Diversity, 1992).  This definition includes medical and industrial  applications and tools and techniques used in  agriculture and food production (FAO, 2004).  Among the best known  applications, is the creation of genetically modified foods, cloning  the sheep Dolly, the complete sequencing of the human genome and the  developments in stem cell research.  Like all technologies, so the  Biotechnology is associated with known and unknown risks and threats.  That in itself is a fo od source for the media to  the production of stories that attract readers (Gaskell et al., 2003). Benefits that may occur with the usage of genetic modified organisms had to do with several values that the humanity has set as priority objectives. Moreover the supporters of the agriculture biotechnology state that with the usage of GMOs the role of the sustainable environment is bounded; due to the fact that the main target is the reducing of the usage of pollutants such as pesticides and herbicides. An extra fact that is settled is that the population of the earth is about 6 billion; and with the possibility that there is a continuous trend for further increase.  Indicative, it is expected that over the next 50 years the worlds population will be doubled. With this fact, it is remarkable to declare that the humanity has to ensure that the quantities of food that will be produced ought to be adequate in order to feed the entire population of the earth. Perhaps this will be a huge challenge, whereas the agricultural sciences have the great responsibility. Standing on these factors; the supporters of genetically modified products, have highlighted a numeral benefits that may humanity obtain from their use. The Genetically Modified Organisms, in view of the fact that they have been introduced a gene from another organism, they are able to acquire properties compared with the natural plants as they have the ability to confer resistance to various biotic and abiotic factors such as resistance to various plant protection products from herbicide and pesticide as well as  salinity drought conditions. With the most usual method in conventional agriculture to protect the crops from pest insects to be spraying the plants with different chemical insecticides; have a lot of bad consequences. Even if the use of chemical insecticides is prudential spray or forced; the usual results of the non-rational usage of the chemical pesticides by farmers, lead to the fait accompli, which usual have to do with the huge ecological consequences. This method comprises negative effects on the environment and to the ecological balance.  Apart from the harmful insects to crops, the chemical pesticides may destroy many other species of insects which they might be consider as beneficial as well as natural enemies to the pests. The consequences result in a genuine ecological disruption. Furthermore, the excessive use of insecticides may create resistance of the insects so that to meet those needs is even what harmful. Additionally most chemical insecticides have toxic effects even for humans, with residu es of pesticides that may possibly end up through food chains. On this aspect, biotechnology has given a very good solution; deriving plants which have the power to react autonomously as bio insecticides. For this purpose, was isolated a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis which can encode a protein with a natural insecticide action.(Pentheroudakis).  This protein is a ÃŽÂ ´-endotoxin and has toxic effects in an environment with pH 7,5 to 8,which can be observed in insects and not in the stomach of man.  The certain bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is used as a biological insecticide for many years, and is grown in bioreactors and then can be sprayed on crops in order the plants to have the appropriate protection from the pests.  This solution is considered environmentally friendly since it excludes the use of hazardous chemicals and pesticides and does not lead to adverse health and environmental (standards 1999, deMaagd 1999). But also apart from its fucti on as a solution , it is also considered as non an economic solution since of the fact that Bacillus thuringiensis has a limit time of life and thats why it has have repeated sprays.(Penteroudakis) .Gene technology made possible the transformation of the particular gene which can produce the ÃŽÂ ´-endotoxin in plants; enabling plants to be protected from the destructive action of certain insects such as Lepidoptera.  There are several strains of Bacillus thuringiensis and each strain produces a different toxin, which acts in a particular species of insects (Estruch et al, 1996).  This ensures the plants resistance to certain insect species by introducing a particular gene (the genes are called genes Bt). One of the applications of Bt producing plants is to resist the European corn borer, which is the main enemy pest of the U.S. corn crop and also responsible for damages cost $1 billion annually (Huang et al, 1999).   According to the company Monsanto, the production of tran sgenic Bt crops reduce the use of chemical pesticides by 1 million litters per year. The nematode worms, as soil organisms can cause serious damages to the crops. Parasitic nematodes can create serious trouble at a wide variety of plants and are responsible for significant crop losses.  Also the eggs survive in the soil under adverse conditions for many years.  Another thing that has to be concern is that it is extremely difficult to militate with parasitic nematodes particularly after the withdrawal of methyl bromide. With the contribution of biotechnology scientists found that various plants are resistant to nematode worms.  For the resistance of certain genes are responsible which have been isolated.  An example is the gene Gro1 potato, which confers resistance to Globodera rostochiensis.  This has opened the way for the possible introduction of these genes into crops to address the challenge of the filamentary.(Jung et al,1998) Crop plants genetically modified to withstand very  powerful and widely used herbicides, can help  to reduce environmental impact of the widespread use   herbicides.  One example is the creation of GM soya from the company Monsanto, which is not affected by the herbicide Roundup  ®,   product of the same company   (http://www.monsanto.com/monsanto/ag_products/input_traits/products/round   up_ready_soybeans.asp).   The resistance of plants against viral diseases,  fungi and bacteria will improve the performance of the fields.   The company Monsanto released on the market in 1996, the genetically modified soybean, which is resistant to the widely used herbicide Roundup.  The genetically modified soybean was introduced the bacterial gene CP4-EPSPS that produces an enzyme resistant to the action of the herbicide.  The Roundup suppresses the activity of natural plant EPSPS enzyme and destroy the plants.  Genetically modified plants, however, producing a resistant enzyme is not affected by the action of Roundup.   The genetically modified soya has caused a storm of reactions in Europe.  Soybeans are particularly important because its derivatives are used in many processed foods such as soya lecithin used in the production of chocolates and baking.  In 1998 one third of total U.S. soybean crop was genetically modified, while in 1999 more than half [Mitten et al, 1999].   Another possible benefit of the usage of biotechnology in agriculture, is the possible creation in the future of seeds resistant to cold (the  introduction of the gene of antifreeze protein from fish  Antarctica), in salinity or drought, which will allow   crop plants in soils inhospitable to date indicative (Zhang and  Blumwald, 2001).   And the contribution of biotechnology does not stop here .It is possible the creation in the future, seeds and crops with high  nutritional value (Ye et al., 2000) which will allow for better nutrition  children in the Third World.One good paradigm to support this   Almost half the worlds population eats rice (Oryza sativa L.), at least once a day (IRRI undated). Rice is the staple food among the worlds poor, especially in Asia and partsof Africa and South America. It is the primary source of energy and nutrition for millions.Thus, improving the nutritional quality of rice could potentially improve the nutritionalstatus of nearly half the worlds population, particularly its children. Commodity ricecontains about 7% protein, but some varieties, notably black rice, contain as much as 8.5%(Food and Agriculture Organization 2004). The most limiting amino acid in rice is lysine.Efforts to increase the nutritional value of rice target protein content and quality along with key nutrients often deficient in rice-eating populations, such as vitamin A and iron.The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines, is a primary center for riceresearch and development of improved varieties. In 1999, Dr. Momma and colleagues at Kyoto University, Japan, reported a geneticallyengineered rice having about 20% greater protein content compared with control rice (Momma et al. 1999). Transgenic plants containing a soybean gene for the protein glycinin contained 8.0% protein and an improved essential amino acid profile compared with 6.5%protein in the control rice. Also the production potential in the future of edible vaccines and drugs   in potatoes and tomatoes (Daniell et al., 2001).  Plants such as poplar, can the genetic modification to  used for phytoremediation contaminated by heavy metals in soils (Rugh, 2004). Apart from the advantages that biotechnology can donate to the agriculture sciences; there are and a lot of factors that as scientists and as consumers we have to be aware. There are ethical factors and other parameters that have to mostly with the environmental subjects that have to be in mind. Nearly all have expressed their concern about GM food and   the possible effects on health and safety of humans in   environment, economic situation of farmers and the poor of the world  making agriculture one of the few, powerful companies: environmental  activist organizations (such as Greenpeace, the Network against GMOs,  the GMWatch), religious organizations, citizens groups sensitized  (such as the Organic Consumer Association), researchers and scientists (such as  ETCgroup, the Institute of Science in Society, by The American Society of  Environmental Medicine, the Union of Concerned Scientists).   Experiments and studies  have identified a number of risks associated with the use of GM foods. Environmental hazards  that they might derived is firstly the challenge of unintended harm to other species. As an example of this;  laboratory studies have   shown that pollen from B.t.  GM corn caused high rates  of mortality in the larvae of the Monarch butterfly. (Losey etal., 1999)   The possible reduction of biodiversity, is another threat of the GM crops against the environment.  The widespread use of GM crops may  lead to reduced biodiversity in neighboring crops  GM ecosystem.  Because GM products are likely to have   competitive advantage over its natural wild varieties of plants,  the latter may not be able to survive with its attendant  reduction or extinction of wild varieties (Conner et al., 2003, Vacher et  al., 2004).  The GM crops can be fatal for others   organizations that share the ecosystem, as species of birds  (Watkinson et al., 2000).   The Horizontal gene transfer is another thing that worries the scientific world regarding the usage of GMOs. The introduction of exotic species into new   environments can cause extensive and irreversible  destruction through the horizontal transfer of genes, transport  ie genes among related organisms, and microbes in or   mammalian cells (unlike the vertical transmission is the transfer  genes from one generation to the next).  The transfer and integration  these genes would result in genetic modification  agencies beyond the estimates of researchers.  Such transfers   can lead eg  to create super weeds (literature  Review Ho and Cummnis, 2008).   General health problems in animals is another think that we have to be aware. A variety of studies in animals suggest that  consumption of GM foods can cause serious health problems  such as infertility, hormonal dysfunction, accelerated aging,   dysfunction of genes associated with cholesterol synthesis,  problems in the regulation of insulin, cell labeling and  protein synthesis and changes in the structure of the liver, kidney, spleen  and gastrointestinal (Ewen and Pustzai, 1999, Finamore et al.,   2008, Malatesta et al., 2008, Kilik and Akay, 2008, Kroghsbo et al., 2008).   Another object that we have to have in mind is allergies, which is the biggest, so far, side effects of GM foods   and is likely to increase the incidence of dangerous  allergies.  Many people and especially children are allergic to edible  plants such as peanuts, an allergy which can lead  death because of some proteins produced by them.  Projects  to increase the nutritional value of soybeans in the introduction to  genome of a gene from the Brazilian peanut abandoned  when research showed that the transgenic soy can promote allergic  reactions to people predisposed (Nordlee et al., 1996).  There  evidence that the genetically modified plant products are  even higher allergenic potential than conventional plants.   Several studies have been reported in the literature, suggesting that  the process of genetic modification may increase the allergen  potential of plants.  For example, levels of inhibitor  trypsin-allergenic agent of soybean are 27% higher  in GM soy.  Also, the Bt toxin in GM corn may  trigger allergic immune response since it contains   sequences that match EN identified allergens  (literature review Smith, 2007).  Scandal had caused  case of Bt corn Starlink à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ of Aventis, which  grown in the U.S. from 1998 to feed and industrial  purposes and not for human consumption because of concerns of  scientific staff of the U.S. Environmental  Protection that can cause allergic reactions.  In 2000,  modified corn Starlink à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ s put into tacos and  another 300 food products containing corn in various parts of  world, making visible the gaps that existed in the management of possible  risks from the use of GM (Bucchini and Goldman, 2002). Finally   A key argument of the proponents of GM crops, large  production and distribution companies modified seeds and lion  scientists, is the largest agricultural performance of biotechnology  crops, an argument which appears to be rebutted by the recent.  Research the Union of Concerned Scientists in which genetically   modified crops ultimately enhance the appearance of resistant  herbicides weeds thus reducing the production and leading to smaller  crops (Gurian-Sherman, 2009).  In addition, as mentioned previously, the GM seed  moving is patented and in future will also be sterilized  causing billions of poor farmers to buy expensive seeds each   time with disastrous results (Whitman, 2000). The application of genetic engineering resulted in the creation of genetically modified organisms resistant pathogens.  This became possible to transfer resistance genes, especially with the help of Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefasiens, in crop plants of great economic importance, such as corn, soybeans, cotton, tobacco, oilseed k.al.  The most commonly used gene is the Bt gene coding for the production of a toxin able to counteract the harmful insects on crops.  The isolation of the gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and the introduction of a plant species resulted in the creation of a broad class of transgenic plants resistant to attacks of insects, Bt plants.  The cultivation of Bt plants have the advantage of avoiding the use of chemical pesticides, which contain toxic and hazardous substances.  It is also important to create GM plants resistant to nematodes and herbicides, particularly in widely-used herbicide Roundup.   The cultivation of transgenic plants but can cause various environmental problems.  This is the transfer of genes to plants or weeds through pollen and thus creating heat-parasites, prevalence through natural selection of resistant strains of insects to the toxin Bt, the unexpected effect of Bt insect toxin safe for agriculture and the possible abuse  the creation of herbicide-resistant plants on them.   There is no doubt that the establishment and cultivation of genetically modified plants will not only continue but probably will in future become the dominant form of farming.  The attitude of scientists, especially those related to environmental protection, towards GMOs should be responsible and critical.  The new research data, the largest observation time, economics and the comparison of the potential risks with the multiple benefits will help shape a scientifically informed view on the impact of GMOs into the environment.

Affirmative Action Essay -- Affirmative Action Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Should a man be hired for his skills or for the color of his skin? Is racial diversity in the business world more important then the most qualified workers? Affirmative action has become an important topic in today’s society to better diversify the different races in America. Affirmative action is a set of public policies that were designed for the elimination of discrimination toward race, color, sex, etc. These policies are under attack today because of the unfairness toward the more qualified people. Increasing opportunities for a minority that has suffered past discrimination is the cause for affirmative action, and for the reverse discrimination toward the majority. Many people view discrimination toward one race today to compensate for the discrimination of another race in the past as unfair. This reverse discrimination is unfair treatment toward the majority. Affirmative actions are policies created to give preferential treatment to the discriminated , but also discriminate as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action was first referenced to in 1961 with the signing of Executive order 10925 (Brunner). With this the Committee on Equal Opportunity was created, and was mandated that â€Å"projects financed with federal funds ‘take affirmative action’ to ensure that hiring and employment practices are free of racial bias† (Brunner). Three years later, in 1964 President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights act that prohibits any form ...

Charlie Chaplin :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the geatest themes I have picked up from the few Charlie Chaplin movies that I have seen is that he always has the things that he charishes most taken away from him. Chaplin's life so much reflects his charectors, because at a young age Chaplin's mother went mad and for a time he and his brother had to live on the streets until they were put into an orphanage. It directly relates to him because he was and you see how he sees the world even in the silent movies he made.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In "The Kid" Chaplin "The Tramp" looses the child that he took in as his own, and raised they boy as if it were his own, and when the boy gets sick "The Tramp" is forced to call a doctor and when the doctor asks if this is his son he shows the doctor the note that he recieved when he found the baby and the doctor leaves and say's, that this child needs proper care. So later comes the orphanage to take away the boy, and "The Tramp" puts up a huge fight but looses and then tracks them down before they can reach the orphanage and this goes on with the "bad guys" taking the boy and him retrieving him until they reach the boys biological mother who takes them in. This movie relates to Chaplin's own life very closely because, at the begining the women has to give up her baby because she is not fit to be a mother and almost the same thing happened in Chaplin's own life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In "City Lights" Chaplin also has somthing taken away from him that he most cherishes. In this movie the thing he most charishes is seeing the blind girl he loves, and when charlie is wrongly accused of stealing money from a drunk freind he is put in jail but not after he gives her plenty of money to be well off and get a cure for her blindness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chaplin's movies may have this theme but, always at the end he ends up on the Charlie Chaplin :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the geatest themes I have picked up from the few Charlie Chaplin movies that I have seen is that he always has the things that he charishes most taken away from him. Chaplin's life so much reflects his charectors, because at a young age Chaplin's mother went mad and for a time he and his brother had to live on the streets until they were put into an orphanage. It directly relates to him because he was and you see how he sees the world even in the silent movies he made.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In "The Kid" Chaplin "The Tramp" looses the child that he took in as his own, and raised they boy as if it were his own, and when the boy gets sick "The Tramp" is forced to call a doctor and when the doctor asks if this is his son he shows the doctor the note that he recieved when he found the baby and the doctor leaves and say's, that this child needs proper care. So later comes the orphanage to take away the boy, and "The Tramp" puts up a huge fight but looses and then tracks them down before they can reach the orphanage and this goes on with the "bad guys" taking the boy and him retrieving him until they reach the boys biological mother who takes them in. This movie relates to Chaplin's own life very closely because, at the begining the women has to give up her baby because she is not fit to be a mother and almost the same thing happened in Chaplin's own life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In "City Lights" Chaplin also has somthing taken away from him that he most cherishes. In this movie the thing he most charishes is seeing the blind girl he loves, and when charlie is wrongly accused of stealing money from a drunk freind he is put in jail but not after he gives her plenty of money to be well off and get a cure for her blindness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chaplin's movies may have this theme but, always at the end he ends up on the

“Changing Our Lives”

After graduating high school, I thought I had all my decisions in place of what I wanted to do with my life. I later found myself letting the choices of my younger days affect what is happening in my life now. I’ve now taken the right steps into getting my life back on track, starting with obtaining the goals that I once motivated myself to achieve after high school.That is why I’ve chosen to further my education beyond a high school diploma to obtain financial growth, my college degree, and successful career opportunities. In the world today, it seems that financial issues are taking their tolls in people’s lives more often than it use to be when everyone thought that their job offered exactly what they wanted. Later they found out that they were not getting the pay needed to support their household with the job that is being maintained with hard work, long hours, and poor benefits.Now after me giving careful consideration as to what I wanted to do in life, I fo und that with the right degree by my side I could benefit so much more in pay options, family support, and not just be in a job working hard but a career where I am actually making a difference one day at a time. With my degree in hand, it not only paves the way for my financial growth, but it helps me be able to show my children how important education can be in the world today.It helps me to feel so much better knowing that I reached my goals, with all the hard work and dedication that came with being a college student. I can truly say that it was not easy day to day trying to keep up with the work, have a job, and raise a family at the same time. But, when I look at the reasons as to why I am doing this all I have to remember is that my family depends on me! Not only does this benefit your family, but it also adds to your list of achievements a long with my high school diploma.I can just imagine when I walk across the stage how great it will feel when I walk away with degree in t he field of study of my choice to success! Once I create so much opportunity for myself with a degree, it will be time to put it to work with getting the job I always wanted. Now, I am the only one who could stop me. There is also now the choice of hours that could put me right where I want to be, and that’s with my family. I would not be constantly working late, missing school programs, lunches, conferences, and more because I made a choice to better myself and my surroundings.Because I chose to get a degree and move into a new line of work of helping others, somebody may actually have a chance of being helped in the ways that I have always imagined giving to someone else. That is now what it is mostly coming to in my heart of how can I put this hard work that I did to work in the most positive way in someone else’s life. I’ve found now that once these achievements are reached, I’m not only inspiring myself, but also my wife and children.Once they see th e hard work that I’ve put in to giving them a better way of life and how it was done, it could make way for their success and family once married and faced with the ways of real adulthood. Some children think that it’s okay just to stop at just a high school diploma because some parents aren’t too interested in furthering past what they have been taught by their parents. So as for me and my family, I’m taking the necessary steps to show my children that education does matter and dreams do come true!

History of Filmmaking Essay

The main problem with assigning national identity to films is the enticement to pick movies to fit the premise. Hardly ever does a director present any significant standards by which particular films have been chosen for analysis. To give a specific example, one merely has to consider the Japanese instance of Kurosawa Akira whose movies regularly received positive commendation both overseas and in domestic ratings, yet several of Akira’s films remain difficult to get to to the mainstream Japanese viewers. Another problem for assigning national identity to films is the relative lack of engagement with modern social and political concerns or conditions. It’s pretty evident with Australian films (Nadia Tass, Malcolm and The Big Steal). Australian movies do not create a point of plainly and continually pondering over national identity. They take the method of conveying tales in a local context and allowing inquiries of national identity work out themselves in the backdrop through the working of their diverse and unlikely narratives. The issue of â€Å"what does it mean to be Australian? is responded upon by illustrating various Australians, in unusual situations, with several problems. In my humble opinion, studies with this stature helps shine a ray of light on how and why the nation pass on a meaningful masterpiece in their local perspective, the focal point should be on reputation within the related/state/area as the major norm for selection.. Whether they have established vital praise at ‘key film festivals’ is another material connected to ‘art house’ films, which is frequently not a fine statistic of admired appeal and consequently not a superior indicator of community communication.

Early encounters between American Indians and European colonists led to a variety of relationships among the different cultures Essay

Topic: Early encounters between American Indians and European colonists led to a variety of relationships among the different cultures. Analyze how actions taken by BOTH American Indians and European colonists shaped those relationships in each of the following regions: New England, the Chesapeake, the Spanish Southwest, and New York and New France. Thesis: Actions such as Bacon’s Rebellion, the Powhatan Wars, King Phillip’s War, the Encomienda, the New England Confederation, and the Fur Trade, Dutch and French. New England: King Phillip’s War is the first supporting idea. * The New England Confederation put to the test during war with Indian chieftain King Phillip (Metacom)—Wampanoag Chief son of Massasoit. The impact of the war led to Native Americans effectively removed from MB, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. The Chesapeake: Bacon’s Rebellion and the Anglo-Powhatan Wars are the second supporting idea. * Nathaniel Bacon, an aristocrat in western Virginia and member of House of Burgesses began mobilizing a militia to protect whites from Indians. Bacon’s rebels opposed to aristocrats and Indians. The Powhatan Wars were three wars fought between Virginians, and the Powhatan in the early 17th c. War resulted in a boundary being defined between the Indians and English. The Spanish Southwest, New York and New France: the Encomienda (S.W.), the New England Confederation and the Fur Trade Dutch/French (N.Y. &N.F.) is the third supporting idea. * Amerindians forced to do unpaid labor to build roads, buildings, and other infrastructure in towns through the Encomienda System (S.W.) * The N.E. Confederation made specifically for collective security against the Indians (N.Y) * The Beaver Fur Trade led to exploration of much of N.A. coureurs de bois: fur traders (N.F.) FRQ #2 Topic: Analyze the extent to which democratic ideals existed in colonial America prior to the American Revolution. Use relevant information between the years 1607 and 1763. Thesis: Democratic ideals existed in colonial America prior to the American Revolution to a larger extent with events such as the 1619 Formation of the Virginia House of Burgesses, the 1643 NE Confederation, the 1754 Albany Plan for Union, the 1713-1763 â€Å"Salutary Neglect†, and the 1740’s Great Awakening. The 1619 Formation of the Virginia House of Burgesses is the first supporting idea. * First representative  assembly in America; beginning of representative government. The House of Burgesses enacted legislation for the colony of Virginia. * Legislation passed by the House of Burgesses was subject to veto by the Governor, council and the directors in London. The 1643 New England Confederation is the second supporting idea. * Connecticut, New Haven, Plymouth, and Massachusetts formed an organization for collective security against Indian attacks. This was an important step in creating more unity among New England Colonies The 1754 Albany Plan for Union is the third supporting idea. * Proposed by Benjamin Franklin, this plan would have created an inter-colonial congress. It was rejected by Britain for giving too much control to the colonies. It was also rejected by the colonies who feared oppressive colonial congress. The 1713-1663 â€Å"Salutary Neglect† is the fourth supporting idea. * G.A.: Americans enjoyed much choice regarding religious groups. Churches increasingly had to cater to the needs of their parishioners. This was an important step towards democracy. FRQ #3 Topic: To what extent did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of the southern colonies between 1607 and 1775? Thesis: Economic, geographic, and social factors all contributed to the rise of importance for slaves in the S. colonies as their position in American society changed from 1607 and 1775. Economic Factors Encouraging the growth of Slavery is the first supporting idea. * Tobacco as brought by John Rolfe saved the colony of Jamestown. Tobacco was starting as a cash crop and with Europe’s desire for tobacco. Plantations were being brought out and required vast chunks of land on which to cultivate the tobacco. * Africans were better suited with their immunity to disease and their ability to work. Africans however were very expensive, but they were servants for life and with regulation laws, slavery in the south was important. Geographic Factors Encouraging the growth of Slavery is the second supporting idea. * Rivers and hot weather was the backbone of the South. The south was able to plant different crops than the north. The south cultivated its most important crops, tobacco and rice. The Carolinas were best known for their rice cultivation. Here in the Carolinas, Africans were used to growing rice. Social Factors Encouraging the growth of Slavery is the third supporting idea. * The ownership of slaves became an important sign of wealth and status in the social hierarchy of the south. The more slaves and the bigger plantation someone owned, the higher up they were. Everyone who was white was automatically above blacks, as they were seen as mediocre and incapable of academic success and learning. FRQ #4 Topic: Compare the ways in which religion shaped the development of colonial society (to 1740) in each of the following regions: New England, Chesapeake, and Middle Atlantic. Thesis: During the development of Colonial America, the New England region was affected socially, politically, and economically, whereas in the Chesapeake bay it was mostly men who came over to explore the new world in search of gold however, religion in the Middle Atlantic was not as much of a necessity therefore had less of an overall effect on society. Religion shaping colonial society in New England is the first supporting idea. * The New England region settlers were escaping England’s unification of religion and government. During the mid 1600’s approximately 20,000 colonists settled in the New England region. This religious driven movement was called, the Great Migration. * The Puritans were a hard working, god-fearing people. New Englanders established small farms, on which they raised corn and wheat, sheep, beef cattle, vegetables, and dairy cattle. Religion shaping colonial society in the Chesapeake is the second supporting idea. * The Chesapeake colonies did not focus much on religion because it was mostly populated by business men trying to make a living in the New World. There were also more Atheists in the Chesapeake because of the low life expectancy causing people to not believe in God as a savior. Religion shaping colonial society in the Middle Atlantic is the third supporting idea. * Founded on the idea of a safe haven for all sorts of religions, particularly Pennsylvania. In the New Netherlands (later renamed New York in 1664) Ethnic and religious differences prevented a development of a strong sense of community in the 1620’s-1640’s * Dutch West India Company more interested in profits than keeping order, so New Netherlands was founded for economic purposes and its origins in trade explain its diversity, including Dutch, German, French, English, Swedish, Portuguese, African, Calvinist, Lutheran, Quaker, Catholic, Jew, Muslim. FRQ #5 Topic: To what extent did the three regions of colonial America develop separate societies in the years prior to the American Revolution? Thesis: Though there were many similarities in the development of the New England, Middle and Southern Colonies, they were very different: politically, socially, and economically. The New England Colonies is the first supporting idea. * The New England colonies were a Theocracy, which means the government was run basically by the church. * The New England Colonies supported each other to create a one-class system: middle class. * Although some New England farmers exported grain and livestock, many could barely feed themselves and their families because the poor soil made farming difficult. * New Englanders therefore turned to alternative occupations, trading with the West Indies and developing fishing, small manufacturing, and shipbuilding The Middle Colonies is the second supporting idea. * The Middle Colonies had their government and church separated. * Had a two-class system which consisted of upper class landowners and middle class professionals living in large cities. * Economy: grains, livestock, ship building, shipping. The Southern Colonies is the third supporting idea. * Had the least autonomy since they were an Oligarchy. This meant that the wealthy plantation owners controlled the government because they were the only people who could manage to pay for all their own expenses. * Had a strict three class system: upper class wealthy plantation owners, middle class small plantation owners, lower class poor whites and a population of Blacks which were not considered a class at all. * Their economy was shaped around the growing of tobacco, rice, and the slave trade. FRQ #6 Topic: â€Å"Geography was the primary factor in shaping the development of the British colonies in North America.† Assess the validity of this statement for the 1600’s. Thesis: Geography played an important role in the making of the British colonies in North America. In some areas, the geography influenced the living and farming conditions for the better, and for some areas, for the worse. Geography in the New England is the first supporting idea. * The land on which the New England colonies were situated was rocky, heavily forested, and therefore, not suited for planting. The cold climate did not help. As a result, New England’s economy did not depend on the land as much as other colonies did. Instead of making their living by farming, New Englanders were loggers, fishers, whalers, and shipbuilders. Geography in the Middle Colonies is the second supporting idea. * The Middle colonies, however, fared off much better. The Middle colonies’ land was very fertile and very much suited for farming and planting. The climate was warm, too. So of course the Middle Colonies were nicknamed the Breadbasket Colonies: They produced the majority of the bread and wheat of all the British colonies. They also had a good amount of iron ore in their land. Geography in the Southern Colonies is the third supporting idea. * The Southern colonies’ geography was well-suited to farming, too. It was warm year round and provided a great place to produce cotton, indigo, rice, and many other crops.